Changing & Learning

A Content and Reflection Portfolio

Module 3: Making Thinking Visible

            "Learning is a consequence of thinking. Retention, understanding, and the active use 
            of knowledge can be brought about only by learning experiences in which learners think
            about and think with what they are learning."  
 
            Perkins, David. Smart Schools (pp. 7-8). Simon & Schuster, Inc.. Kindle Edition. Quoted 
            by Ron Ritchhart in Making Thinking Visible, 2011 p. 26.
 
Key Focus: THINKING TO LEARN
Q1:  Why is thinking an essential component of learning to learn? (It's not what you think).
A1: Thinking with Knowledge = Learning with Understanding


"The conventional pattern [ in classrooms] says that, first, students acquire knowledge. Only then do they think with and about the knowledge that they have absorbed. But it’s just the opposite: Far from thinking coming after knowledge, knowledge comes on the coattails of thinking. As we think about and with the content that we are learning, we truly learn it.                                                                          
Perkins, David (2008-06-30). Smart Schools (p. 8). Simon & Schuster, Inc. Kindle Edition.                                                                                                                                     neurons                        
"... thinking is at the center of the learning enterprise and not a mere add-on, something to do if there is time. We as teachers must acknowledge that when we reduce the amount of thinking we ask of our students, we reduce the amount of learning as well. (MTV 27)    
 
..." instead of knowledge-centered schools, we need thinking-centered schools. This is no luxury, no utopian vision of an erudite and elitist education. These are hard facts about the way learning works."   
                    
Perkins, David (2008-06-30). Smart Schools (p. 8). Simon & Schuster, Inc.. Kindle Edition. 
 

Key Focus:  INVISIBLE THINKING                                                                                                  Q2:  Have you noticed that thinking is largely invisible?                                                              A2:  "A large part of the challenge is that the very invisibility of thinking is itself invisible. We don't notice how easily thinking can stay out of sight, because we are used to it being that way."

"Consider how often what we learn reflects what others are doing around us. We watch, we imitate, we adapt what we see to our own styles and interests, we build from there. Now imagine learning to dance when the dancers around you are all invisible. Imagine learning a sport when the players who already know the game can't be seen. Bizarre as this may sound, something close to it happens all the time in one very important area of learning: learning to think. Thinking is pretty much invisible. To be sure, sometimes people explain the thoughts behind a particular conclusion, but often they do not. Mostly, thinking happens under the hood, within the marvelous engine of our mindbrain. "    

Perkins, David. "Making Thinking Visible." New Horizons for            Learning. Johns Hopkins U School of Education, Dec. 2003.         Web. 21 Oct. 2013.

"... even when we create opportunities for thinking, we must realize that students' thinking may well be invisible to us.  To make sure thinking isn't left to chance and to provide us with the information we need in order to respond to students' learning needs, we must also make their thinking visible."

Ron Ritchhart, Mark Church, and Karin Morrison.  Making Thinking Visible: How to Promote Engagement, Understanding, and Independence for All Learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2011. Print. p. 27

"Not only is others' thinking mostly invisible, so are many circumstances that invite thinking. We would like youngsters, and indeed adults, to become alert and thoughtful when they hear an unlikely rumor, face a tricky problem of planning their time, have a dispute with a friend, or encounter a politician's sweeping statement on television. However, research by our group and others shows that people are often simply oblivious to situations that invite thinking. For a number of years, we have been building what is called a dispositional view of good thinking that pays as much attention to people's alertness and attitudes as it does to thinking skills as such. We ask not only how well do people think once they get going but how disposed are they in the first place to pay attention to the other side of the case, question the evidence, look beyond obvious possibilities, and so on. Our findings argue that everyday thinking may suffer more from just plain missing the opportunities than from poor skills (Perkins, Tishman, Ritchhart, Donis, & Andrade, 2000; Perkins & Tishman, 2001).

 "When we talk about making thinking visible, we are generally referring to those specific thinking strategies and processes students use to build deeper understanding. These are the processes that need to live at the center of classroom activity, directing the work of both teachers and students. As we make our thinking -- our own as well as that of our students -- visible, we draw attention to the mechanisms by which individuals construct their understanding. To the extent that students can develop a greater awareness of thinking processes, they become more independent learners capable of directing and managing their own cognitive actions." (MTV 22)

 
                                          <OPEN AND READ THIS WEBPAGE> Visible Thinking
 
Key Focus: THINKING MOVES
Q3: Are there particular kinds of thinking that support understanding across all the disciplines, that are especially useful when trying to understand new concepts, ideas, or events?
A3: Yes, there are. Ritchhart and colleagues identified eight thinking moves "that are integral to understanding and without which it would be difficult to say we had developed understanding." Those eight high leverage moves are:
 

1.  Observing closely and describing what's there
2.  Building explanations and interpretations
3.  Reasoning with evidence
4.  Making connections
5.  Considering different viewpoints and perspectives
6.  Capturing the heart and forming conclusions
7.  Wondering and asking questions
8.  Uncovering complexity and going below the surface of things 
(MTV 11-13)
 
This list is by no means exhaustive, but it's a useful place to begin.

Key Focus: THINKING ROUTINES
Q4: What are thinking routines?
A4: Thinking routines are simple procedures, usually consisting of only a few steps.  They "provide a framework for focusing attention on specific thinking moves that can help to build understanding." (MTV 45)
Thinking Routines have been validated by research to promote engagement, understanding, and independence in those who use them. They enliven class discussions, help students think better and provide an easy to learn activity for instructors. 
 
                      <OPEN AND VIEW A PORTION OF THIS VIDEO>  time frame 39:30-44:34
 

                       
 Perkins, David N. "40 Years of Teaching Thinking." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Sept 2011. Web. 13 Oct 2013.


"The routines exist both as public practices that can be useful in groups at school and as private practices to be used by individuals.  Indeed, this is the true power of the routines in developing students as thinkers and learners."  (MTV 46)   We can look at thinking routines in three ways:
 
1.  "Each routine is a TOOL for promoting one or more kinds of thinking about the discipline. Instructors can use them as class activities and students can use them publicly and privately to support their own thinking." (MTV 45- 46) Notice that the See-Think-Wonder routine, used in the Module 2 F2F session, incorporates several thinking moves.
                                          <OPEN AND READ> Thinking Moves in STW

2.  "The steps of a routine are crafted to support and STRUCTURE students' thinking.  The steps taken in sequence serve as scaffolds for facilitating clear thinking. ... Therefore, in using the routines, the goal is never simply to fill out or complete one step and move on to the next but to use the thinking occurring at each step in the subsequent steps. ... For instance, in See-Think-Wonder, the close observations of the "See" stage provide the foundation for well-grounded interpretations at the 'Think' stage."  (MTV 47) 
                                                                                

                                                                               3.  As the routines become established PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR they build a classroom and campus culture     in which students learn how to learn and thinking is
made visible.


 
Key Focus:  CHOOSING A ROUTINE
Q5:  How do I choose a thinking routine?
A5:  Ritchhardt and colleagues found that routines, while used individually, take on more power when used to support students' ongoing learning across a unit, that is, to build an arc of learning rather than to craft a single episode.  A thinking Routine Matrix, found on pages 51- 52 of Making Thinking Visible, is organized into three categories for use across a unit of instruction:  
 
                                       1.  Routines for Introducing and Exploring Ideas
                                       2.  Routines for Synthesizing and Organizing ideas
                                       3.  Routines for Digging deeper into ideas

This matrix provides the key thinking moves and a brief explanation of each routine.  That may be a good place to begin. Or you may want to consider using a systematic approach to thinking through your choices.
  

 
 Key Focus: USING A THINKING ROUTINE
 Q6: What do I need to know and do before I use 
a Thinking Routine in class?
A6: Read carefully the information in the gray box (that's THE routine) and all the "instructions" in the text.
 
The attached file contains prompts to guide your exploration of the HEADLINES Thinking Routine, the routine we will use in the Module 3 F2F session. Consider answering the questions on the document, saving the file,
and bringing it to the session. 
                                            <OPEN AND READ> HEADLINES



"Thinking Routines are more than strategies that cultivate
students' ability or that simply engage them in interesting         
activities.  Through the regular use of routines to explore                    Let the journey continue ...
meaningful content with students, teachers convey messages 
about the nature of thinking and learning. Chief among these 
are the notion that learning is a consequence of thinking. "
                                                       Ron Ritchhardt, et al.


 
 "When they do think about intelligence, many people believe that a person is either born smart, average, or dumb - and stays that way for life. But new research shows that the brain is more like a muscle - it changes and gets stronger when you use it."                        Lisa Blackwell
 
"Becoming is better than being."                   Carol Dweck

 
 
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